This gene sequencing panel includes both sequencing and deletion/duplication (CNV) analysis for all coding regions of the included genes (unless otherwise noted). All analysis is performed utilizing next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. All variants are classified according to American College of Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines.

Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive or twisting movements and abnormal postures. These muscle contractions can result in sustained muscle spasms, tremors, or abnormal movements that can interfere with voluntary actions and affect various parts of the body. The severity and distribution of dystonic symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals and may be influenced by factors such as stress, fatigue, emotional state, and specific activities or movements. Some forms of dystonia are task-specific, meaning they occur only during certain activities or movements. Examples include writer's cramp (dystonia that occurs during writing), musician's dystonia (dystonia that affects musicians during playing instruments), and dystonic tremor (tremor that occurs during specific tasks). Dystonia can occur as a primary neurological disorder with no identifiable cause (primary or idiopathic dystonia) or as a secondary manifestation of underlying neurological, metabolic, or structural abnormalities (secondary dystonia). Dystonia can cause significant functional impairment and disability, affecting activities of daily living, work, social interactions, and quality of life. Individuals with severe dystonia may experience difficulties with walking, speaking, eating, and performing fine motor tasks.

ANO3, ATP1A3, ATP7B, GCH1, GNAL, PNKD, PRKN, PRKRA, PRRT2, SGCE, SLC2A1, SLC6A3, SPR, TH THAP1, TOR1A, TUBB4A,

Sequencing is performed on genomic DNA using an Agilent targeted sequence capture method to enrich for the exome. Direct sequencing of the amplified captured regions was performed using 2X150bp reads on Illumina next generation sequencing (NGS) systems. A base is considered to have sufficient coverage at 20X and an exon is considered fully covered if all coding bases plus three nucleotides of flanking sequence on either side are covered at 20X or more. A list of these regions, if any, is available upon request. Alignment to the human reference genome (GRCh37) is performed and annotated variants are identified in the targeted region. Variants reviewed have a minimum coverage of 8X and an alternate allele frequency of 20% or higher. Indel and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) may be confirmed by Sanger sequence analysis before reporting at director discretion. This assay cannot detect variants in regions of the exome that are not covered, such as deep intronic, promoter and enhancer regions, areas containing large numbers of tandem repeats, and variants in mitochondrial DNA. Copy number variation (CNV) analysis detects deletions and duplications; in some instances, due to the size of the exons, sequence complexity, or other factors, not all CNVs may be analyzed or may be difficult to detect. When reported, copy number variant size is approximate. Actual breakpoint locations may lie outside of the targeted regions. CNV analysis will not detect tandem repeats, balanced alterations (reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian translocations, inversions, and balanced insertions), methylation abnormalities, triploidy, and genomic imbalances in segmentally duplicated regions. This assay is not designed to detect mosaicism; possible cases of mosaicism may be investigated at the discretion of the laboratory director. Primary data analysis is performed using Illumina bcl2fastq converter v2.19. Secondary analysis is performed using Illumina DRAGEN Bio-IT Platform v.3.10.8. Tertiary data analysis is performed using SnpEff v5.0 and Revvity Omics’ internal ODIN v.1.01 software. CNV and absence of heterozygosity are assessed using BioDiscovery’s NxClinical v6.1 software.